Sebze Tarımında Allelopati: Yabancı Ot, Nematod ve Zararlı Yönetimi İçin Bir Araç
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19218279Anahtar Kelimeler:
Allelopati, Sebze üretimi, Yabancı ot yönetimi, Nematod kontrolü, Zararlı yönetimi (IPM), Örtü bitkileri, Biyofumigasyon, Birlikte ekim, Sürdürülebilir tarımÖzet
Endüstriyel tarımın sentetik pestisit ve gübrelere olan yoğun bağımlılığı, özellikle yüksek girdili sebze üretim sistemlerinde önemli çevresel bozulmalara, biyolojik çeşitlilik kaybına ve halk sağlığı endişelerine yol açmıştır. Allelopati—bitkilerin ikincil metabolitler aracılığıyla birbirleriyle kurduğu kimyasal etkileşim—yabancı ot, nematod ve zararlı böceklerin yönetimi için sürdürülebilir, ekolojik temelli bir alternatif sunmaktadır. Bu kapsamlı derleme, allelopatik prensiplerin sebze üretiminde uygulanmasına ilişkin bilimsel literatürü üç ana alanda sentezlemektedir: örtü bitkileri (örneğin çavdar, sorgum) ve biyofumigasyon (turpgiller) yoluyla yabancı ot baskılama, nematisidal bitkiler (örneğin kadife çiçeği, Crotalaria) kullanarak nematod kontrolü ve aromatik bitkilerle (örneğin fesleğen, nane) birlikte ekim yoluyla zararlı böcek yönetimi. Derleme, allelokimyasalların temel etki mekanizmalarını (kök salgısı, uçucu bileşiklerin salınımı ve bitki artıklarının ayrışması yoluyla) sunmakta ve toprak mikrobiyotasının bu etkileri nasıl modüle ettiğini incelemektedir. Akdeniz Havzası, Asya-Pasifik ve tropik bölgelerden örnek olaylar, saha uygulamalarının hem başarılarını hem de sınırlılıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Bağlama bağımlı değişkenlik, ototoksisite riskleri ve sosyo-ekonomik engeller gibi kritik zorluklar analiz edilmekte; moleküler düzeyde mekanizma çalışmaları, allelopatik özelliklerin iyileştirilmesi için bitki ıslahı, hassas tarım entegrasyonu ve destekleyici politika çerçevelerini içeren gelecek araştırma öncelikleri belirlenmektedir. Allelopatiyi Entegre Zararlı Yönetimi (IPM) ve organik tarım sistemleri içinde pratik bir araç olarak konumlandıran bu derleme, kimyasal girdileri azaltırken verimliliği korumak ve agroekosistem dayanıklılığını artırmak isteyen araştırmacılar, yayım uzmanları ve üreticiler için kanıta dayalı bir rehber sunmaktadır.
Referanslar
Alsaadawi, I. S., Khaliq, A., & Farooq, M. (2020). Integration of allelopathy and less herbicides effect on weed management in field crops and soil biota: A review. Plant Archives, 20(2), 225-237.
Bais, H. P., Weir, T. L., Perry, L. G., Gilroy, S., & Vivanco, J. M. (2006). The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 57, 233-266.
Benelli, G., Pavela, R., Maggi, F., Petrelli, R., & Nicoletti, M. (2017). Commentary: Making green pesticides greener? The potential of plant products for nanosynthesis and pest control. Journal of Cluster Science, 28(1), 3-10.
Buchanan, A., Kolb, L., & Hooks, C. (2016). Can winter cover crops influence weed density and diversity in a reduced tillage vegetable system. Crop Protection, 90, 9-16.
Bünemann, E. K., Schwenke, G. D., & Van Zwieten, L. (2006). Impact of agricultural inputs on soil organisms—A review. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 44(4), 379-406.
Callaway, R. M., & Ridenour, W. M. (2004). Novel weapons: Invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2(8), 436-443.
Campiglia, E., Mancinelli, R., Radicetti, E., & Marinari, S. (2011). Legume cover crops and mulches: Effects on nitrate leaching and nitrogen input in a pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.). Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 89(3), 399-412.
Carvalho, M.G, Bortolotto, O., & Ventura, M.U. (2017). Aromatic plants affect the selection of host tomato plants by Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 162(1) 86-92.
Carvalho, R., Maciel, A., Canuto, L., & Godoy, W. (2025). Intercropping broccoli-basil reduces aphid growth: Spatio-temporal modelling across scales and lab experiments. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment. 4(4), e70100.
Cherr, C. M., Scholberg, J. M., & McSorley, R. (2006). Green manure approaches to crop production: A synthesis. Agronomy Journal, 98(2), 302-319.
de Albuquerque, M. B., dos Santos, R. C., Lima, L. M., Melo Filho, P. A., Nogueira, R. J. M. C., Da Câmara, C. A. G., & de Rezende Ramos, A. (2011). Allelopathy, an alternative tool to improve cropping systems: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 31(2), 379-395.
Đorđević, T., Đurović-Pejčev, R., Stevanović, M., Sarić-Krsmanović, M., Radivojević, L., Šantrić, L., & Gajić-Umiljendić, J. (2022). Phytotoxicity and allelopathic potential of Juglans regia L. leaf extract. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 986740.
Farooq, M., Jabran, K., Cheema, Z. A., Wahid, A., & Siddique, K. H. M. (2011). The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Management Science, 67(5), 493-506.
Finch, S., & Collier, R. H. (2012). The influence of host and non-host companion plants on the behaviour of pest insects in field crops. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 142(2), 87-96.
Glinwood, R., Ahmed, E., Qvarfordt, E., & Ninkovic, V. (2011). Olfactory learning of plant genotypes by a polyphagous insect predator. Oecologia, 166(3), 637-647.
Hanschen, F. S., & Winkelmann, T. (2020). Biofumigation for fighting disease—A review. Agronomy, 10(3), 425.
Hooks, C. R., Wang, K. H., Ploeg, A., & McSorley, R. (2010). Using marigold (Tagetes spp.) as a cover crop to protect crops from plant-parasitic nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology, 46(3), 307-320.
Hunter, M., Kemanian, A., & Mortensen, D. (2021). Cover crop effects on maize drought stress and yield. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 311, 107294.
Hussain, W. S., & Abbas, M. M. (2021). Application of allelopathy in crop production. In Agricultural development in Asia: Potential use of nano-materials and nano-technology. IntechOpen.
Inderjit, & Dakshini, K. M. M. (1995). On laboratory bioassays in allelopathy. The Botanical Review, 61(1), 28-44.
Jabran, K. (2017). Manipulation of allelopathic crops for weed control (pp. 65-75). Springer.
Jahnke, S., Redaelli, L., & Pretz, V. (2023). Effect of cabbage and basil intercropping on conservative biological control of aphids. Delos: Desarrollo Local Sostenible. Curitiba. Vol.16, n. 47 (2023), p. 2648-2668.
Jonsson, M., Kaartinen, R., & Straub, C. S. (2017). Relationships between natural enemy diversity and biological control. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 20, 1-6.
Korres, N., Hausman, N., Moody, J., Kitiş, Y., & Williams, M. (2020). Integrated weed management strategies with cereal rye mulch in processing vegetable legumes. Agronomy Journal, 112, 4264-4275.
Lamichhane, J. R., Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, S., Kudsk, P., & Messéan, A. (2016). Toward a reduced reliance on conventional pesticides in European agriculture. Plant Disease, 100(1), 10-24.
Larkin, R. P. (2015). Soil health paradigms and implications for disease management. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 53, 199-221.
Larkin, R. P., & Griffin, T. S. (2007). Control of soilborne potato diseases using Brassica green manures. Crop Protection, 26(7), 1067-1077.
Lazzeri, L., Curto, G., Dallavalle, E., D’Avino, L., Malaguti, L., Santi, R., & Patalano, G. (2009). Nematicidal efficacy of biofumigation by defatted Brassicaceae meal for control of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitw. on a full field zucchini crop. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 33(3), 349-358.
Li, X. G., Zhang, T. L., Wang, X. X., Hua, K., Zhao, L., & Han, Z. M. (2013). The composition of root exudates from two different resistant peanut cultivars and their effects on the growth of soil-borne pathogen. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(2), 164-173.
Lopes, E. A., Dallemole-Giaretta, R., dos Santos Neves, W., Parreira, D. F., & Ferreira, P. A. (2019). Eco-friendly approaches to the management of plant-parasitic nematodes. In Plant health under biotic stress: Organic strategies (pp. 167-186). Springer.
Lord, J. S., Lazzeri, L., Atkinson, H. J., & Urwin, P. E. (2011). Biofumigation for control of potato cyst nematodes: Activity of brassica leaf extracts and green manures on Globodera pallida in vitro and in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(14), 7882-7890.
Macías, F. A., Mejías, F. J., & Molinillo, J. M. (2019). Recent advances in allelopathy for weed control: From knowledge to applications. Pest Management Science, 75(9), 2413-2436.
Mersha, Z., Ibarra-Bautista, M., Birru, G., Bucciarelli, J., Githinji, L., Shiferaw, A., Ren, S., & Rutto, L. (2025). Legume-cereal cover crops improve soil properties but fall short on weed suppression in chickpea systems. Agronomy. 15(8), 1893.
Mirsky, S. B., Ryan, M. R., Teasdale, J. R., Curran, W. S., Reberg-Horton, C. S., Spargo, J. T., & Moyer, J. W. (2013). Overcoming weed management challenges in cover crop-based organic rotational no-till soybean production in the eastern United States. Weed Technology, 27(1), 193-203.
Molisch, H. (1937). Der Einfluss einer Pflanze auf die andere - Allelopathie. Fischer.
Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M. (2017). Pesticides: An update of human exposure and toxicity. Archives of Toxicology, 91(2), 549-599.
Mutisya, S., Saidi, M., Opiyo, A., Ngouajio, M., & Martin, T. (2016). Synergistic effects of agronet covers and companion cropping on reducing whitefly infestation and improving yield of open field-grown tomatoes. Agronomy, 6, 42.
Oka, Y. (2010). Mechanisms of nematode suppression by organic soil amendments—A review. Applied Soil Ecology, 44(2), 101-115.
Oka, Y. (2020). From old-generation to next-generation nematicides. Agronomy, 10(9), 1387.
Parker, J. E., Snyder, W. E., Hamilton, G. C., & Rodriguez-Saona, C. (2013). Companion planting and insect pest control. In Weed and pest control—Conventional and new challenges (pp. 1-18). InTech.
Reberg-Horton, S. C., Grossman, J. M., Kornecki, T. S., Meijer, A. D., Price, A. J., & Place, G. T. (2012). Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the southeastern USA. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 27(1), 41-48.
Rice, E. L. (1984). Allelopathy (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
Scavo, A., & Mauromicale, G. (2021). Crop allelopathy for sustainable weed management in agroecosystems: Knowing the present with a view to the future. Agronomy, 11(11), 2104.
Scavo, A., Restuccia, A., & Mauromicale, G. (2018). Allelopathy: Principles and basic aspects for agroecosystem control. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews (Vol. 28, pp. 47-101). Springer.
Schulz, M., Marocco, A., Tabaglio, V., Macías, F. A., & Molinillo, J. M. (2013). Benzoxazinoids in rye allelopathy—From discovery to application in sustainable weed control and organic farming. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 39(2), 154-174.
Snapp, S. S., DeDecker, J., & Davis, A. S. (2019). Farmer participatory research advances sustainable agriculture: Lessons from Michigan and Malawi. Agronomy Journal, 111(6), 2681-2691.
Tribouillois, H., Cohan, J. P., & Justes, E. (2016). Cover crop mixtures including legumes produce ecosystem services of nitrate capture and green manuring: Assessment combining experimentation and modelling. Plant and Soil, 401(1-2), 347-364.
Vajja, N. R., Meinke, H., Kropff, M. J., Anten, N. P., Whitbread, A. M., Kumar, U., & Parsons, D. (2025). Incorporating knowledge of allelopathic interactions can improve productivity and sustainability of crop rotations in the semi-arid tropics. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 22, 102026.
Weidenhamer, J. D., Mohney, B. K., Shihada, N., & Rupasinghe, M. (2014). Spatial and temporal dynamics of root exudation: How important is heterogeneity in allelopathic interactions? Journal of Chemical Ecology, 40(8), 940-952.
Weis, T. (2010). The accelerating biophysical contradictions of industrial capitalist agriculture. Journal of Agrarian Change, 10(3), 315-341.
Yadav, R., Akhtar, S., & Vashishth, D. S. (2025). Use of allelopathic phytochemicals for sustainable agriculture: A systematic review. Sustainable Science Letters, 1(1), 2-11.
Yarou, B.B., Bawin, T., Boullis, A., Heukin, S., Lognay, G., Verheggen, F., & Francis, F. (2018). Oviposition deterrent activity of basil plants and their essential oils against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(30), 29880-29888.
Yarou, B.B., Bokonon-Ganta, A., Verheggen, F., Lognay, G., & Francis, F. (2020). Aphid behavior on Amaranthus hybridus L. associated with Ocimum spp. as repellent plants. Agronomy, 10(5), 736.
Zhang, Z., Liu, Y., Yuan, L., Weber, E., & van Kleunen, M. (2021). Effect of allelopathy on plant performance: A meta-analysis. Ecology Letters, 24(2), 348-362.
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2026 Euroasia Matematik, Mühendislik, Doğa ve Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Medical Sciences

Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.